| 知识点 | KET A2 | PET B1 | 初中 / 中考 | 常见考法 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 一般现在时 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 三单、否定疑问、习惯表达 |
| 2 现在进行时 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 看图描述、Look!/Listen! |
| 3 现在完成时 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 标志词选择、与过去时对比 |
| 4 一般过去时 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 不规则动词、讲故事 |
| 5 过去进行时 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | when/while 填空 |
| 6 过去完成时 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | by the time、过去的过去 |
| 7 一般将来时 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | will / be going to 辨析 |
| 8 被动语态 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 各时态被动、be made of/from |
| 9 频率副词 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | how often 问答、位置 |
| 10 直接/间接引语 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 人称时态变化、转述 |
| 11 定语从句 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | who/which/that 选择 |
| 12 宾语从句 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 语序、时态呼应 |
| 13 when / while | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 长动作 vs 短动作 |
| 14 形容词比较等级 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 变化规则、as/too/enough |
| 15 副词 | ●●● | ●●● | ●●● | 形容词变副词、形副辨析 |
| 主语 | be 动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | I am a student. |
| he / she / it / 单数名词 | is | She is my sister. / The book is new. |
| you / we / they / 复数名词 | are | They are my friends. |
| 句式 | 公式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | S + am / is / are + 表语 | He is tired. / We are in Class 3. |
| 否定句 | S + am / is / are + not + 表语 | I am not busy. / They aren't here. |
| 一般疑问句 | Am / Is / Are + S + 表语 ? | Are you a student? — Yes, I am. |
| 特殊疑问句 | 疑问词 + am / is / are + S ? | Where is your school? / How old are you? |
| 完整形式 | 缩写 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|
| I am | I'm | 口语常用 |
| he is / she is / it is | he's / she's / it's | — |
| you / we / they are | you're / we're / they're | — |
| is not / are not | isn't / aren't | am not 无缩写，用 I'm not |
| 肯定回答 | Yes, I am. / Yes, she is. | 不能答 Yes, I'm. |
| 否定回答 | No, I'm not. / No, she isn't. | — |
| 类型 | 例词 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 周期类 | every day / every week / every year | 每天 / 每周 / 每年 |
| 固定日期 | on Mondays / in the morning / at weekends | 每逢周一 / 上午 / 在周末 |
| 次数类 | once a week / twice a month | 每周一次 / 每月两次 |
| 频率副词 | always / usually / often / sometimes / seldom / never | 总是 / 通常 / 经常 / 有时 / 很少 / 从不 |
| 规则 | 例词 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般直接 +s | play→plays, like→likes | 最常见 |
| s / x / ch / sh / o 结尾 +es | watch→watches, go→goes, do→does, fix→fixes | o 结尾多数 +es |
| 辅音字母 + y → 去 y 加 ies | study→studies, carry→carries | 元音 + y 直接 +s：play→plays |
| 特殊 | have→has；be→is | 必背 |
| 常见错句 | 正确说法 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| I am go to school. | I go to school. / I am at school. | be 和实义动词不能同时当谓语 |
| He is play football. | He plays football. / He is playing football. | 要么用实义动词，要么 be + doing |
| He doesn't be happy. | He isn't happy. | be 的否定直接加 not，不用 doesn't |
| Do you are a student? | Are you a student? | be 的疑问句把 be 提前，不用 do |
| — Yes, I'm. | — Yes, I am. | 肯定答语结尾不能缩写 |
| 时间词 | 中文 | 使用条件 |
|---|---|---|
| now / right now | 现在 / 此刻 | 说话这一刻正在进行 |
| at the moment / at present | 目前 | 与 now 同义，多用于句末 |
| Look! / Listen! | 看！/ 听！ | 句首提示，后面必用进行时 |
| these days / this week / this month | 这些天 / 这周 / 这月 | 现阶段临时状态，非永久 |
| 规则 | 例词 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般 +ing | read→reading, play→playing | 最常见 |
| 不发音 e 结尾 → 去 e +ing | make→making, write→writing | see→seeing 例外（e 发音保留） |
| 重读闭音节 → 双写末尾辅音 +ing | run→running, sit→sitting, swim→swimming, put→putting | 口诀：辅-元-辅，重读，双写 |
| ie 结尾 → 变 y +ing | lie→lying, die→dying, tie→tying | 高频考点 |
| 特殊 | be→being |
| 项目 | 内容 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 可用的动词 | 位移动词 + 安排类：go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, fly, return, stay | I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow. |
| 表示什么 | 已确定、近期的安排（票已买好、时间已定） | I'm meeting her at 6. |
| 与 be going to 区别 | be going to = 主观计划 / 有迹象的预测 进行时表将来 = 已安排好的确定日程 | I'm going to visit my aunt.（计划） |
| 不能用的（状态动词） | know, like, want, believe, belong, need 一般不用进行时 | I'm knowing him. ✘ |
| 时刻表 | 车/机/影/课的时刻表用一般现在时更规范 | The film starts at 8. |
| 时间词 | 中文 | 用法要点 |
|---|---|---|
| already | 已经 | 多用于肯定句 / 疑问句表惊讶 |
| yet | 还（没）/ 已经（吗） | 否定句、疑问句，放句末 |
| just | 刚刚 | have/has 之后 |
| ever / never | 曾经 / 从未 | 经历类，多用于疑问 / 否定意义 |
| before | 以前 | 泛指过去，放句末 |
| since + 时间点 / 从句 | 自从 | since 2015 / since I was 8 |
| for + 时间段 | （持续）…之久 | for ten years / for two weeks |
| so far / up to now | 到目前为止 | 常与最高级、次数连用 |
| recently / lately | 最近 | 近一段时间内 |
| in the past few years | 在过去几年里 | 强调变化或积累 |
| It's the first time (that)… | 第一次… | 从句用现在完成时 |
| 标志 | 含义 | 用于什么句 | 例句 / 位置 |
|---|---|---|---|
| already | 已经 | 肯定句 | I have already had lunch.（have 后 / 句末） |
| yet | 还（没）/ 已经（吗） | 否定句、疑问句 | Have you finished yet? / I haven't finished yet.（句末） |
| just | 刚刚 | 肯定句 | He has just left.（have 后） |
| ever | 曾经 | 疑问句（也可肯定表"最…"） | Have you ever been to Beijing? |
| never | 从未 | 肯定形式表否定意义 | I have never seen a whale. |
| before | 以前（泛指） | 现在完成 / 也可一般过去 | I have seen this film before.（句末） |
| since | 自从（时间点） | 现在完成 | I have lived here since 2015 / since I was 8. |
| for | 持续（时间段） | 现在完成 | I have lived here for ten years. |
| 对比项 | 一般过去时 | 现在完成时 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间焦点 | 过去某一次，强调"什么时候发生" | 到现在为止，强调"对现在的影响 / 持续" |
| 能否带明确过去时间 | 必须能（yesterday / last week / in 2010 / ago） | 不能（除 already/just 等） |
| 例句 | I lost my key yesterday. | I have lost my key.（现在打不开门） |
| 提问方式 | When did you lose it? | Have you lost your key? |
| 短暂动词 | 换成延续性表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| buy | have | I have had the bike for 2 years. |
| borrow | keep | I have kept the book for a week. |
| die | be dead | The dog has been dead for 3 years. |
| leave | be away (from) | He has been away from home since May. |
| join | be in / be a member of | I have been in the club for 2 years. |
| begin / start | be on | The film has been on for 10 minutes. |
| finish / end | be over | The meeting has been over since 4. |
| come / go / arrive | be here / be there / be in | He has been in Beijing for days. |
| 时间词 | 中文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday / the day before yesterday | 昨天 / 前天 | 最常用 |
| last night / last week / last month / last year | 昨晚 / 上周 / 上月 / 去年 | last 后不加介词 |
| two days ago / a moment ago | 两天前 / 刚刚 | ago 前用"时间段" |
| in 2010 / in October | 在 2010 年 / 在十月 | 过去年份用 in |
| then / at that time | 那时 / 当时 | 叙述过去背景 |
| one day / once upon a time | 有一天 / 很久以前 | 讲故事开头 |
| just now | 刚才 | 与现在完成时区分（英式多用完成） |
| 规则 | 例词 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般 +ed | work→worked, play→played | 最常见 |
| e 结尾 +d | like→liked, live→lived | |
| 辅音 + y → 去 y 加 ied | study→studied, carry→carried | 元音 + y：play→played |
| 重读闭音节 → 双写辅音 +ed | stop→stopped, plan→planned | visit→visited（不双写，重音在首） |
| 不规则 · AAA（三形同形） | put-put-put, cut-cut-cut, let-let-let, cost-cost-cost, hit-hit-hit, set-set-set, read-read-read（拼写同，读音变） | 数量最少，先背 |
| 不规则 · ABB（过去式 = 过去分词） | buy-bought-bought, teach-taught-taught, catch-caught-caught, feel-felt-felt, keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, leave-left-left, meet-met-met, pay-paid-paid, say-said-said, sell-sold-sold, tell-told-told, find-found-found, make-made-made, have-had-had, hear-heard-heard, get-got-got | 数量最多，重点背 |
| 不规则 · ABA（原形 = 过去分词） | come-came-come, become-became-become, run-ran-run | 易混 trio |
| 不规则 · ABC（三形全不同） | go-went-gone, do-did-done, see-saw-seen, take-took-taken, give-gave-given, write-wrote-written, speak-spoke-spoken, break-broke-broken, begin-began-begun, drink-drank-drunk, swim-swam-swum, sing-sang-sung, know-knew-known, throw-threw-thrown, fly-flew-flown, eat-ate-eaten, forget-forgot-forgotten | 拼写差异最大，逐组记忆 |
| be 动词 | am / is → was；are → were；been（过去分词） | 单独记 |
| 时间词 | 中文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| at 8 o'clock last night | 昨晚八点 | 具体过去时刻，典型标志 |
| at this time yesterday | 昨天这个时候 | 对比 now / at that time |
| at that moment / then | 那时 / 当时 | 叙述背景 |
| from 7 to 9 yesterday | 昨天七点到九点 | 过去一段时间内持续 |
| when / while + 从句 | 当…时 / 在…期间 | when 接短动作，while 接长动作 |
| 对比项 | 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
|---|---|---|
| 参照时间 | 说话此刻（now） | 过去某一时刻（then） |
| be 动词 | am / is / are | was / were |
| 时间词 | now / at the moment | at that moment / at 8 last night |
| 例句 | She is cooking now. | She was cooking at 7 last night. |
| 步骤 | 看什么 | 结论 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 有没有"具体时刻点"（at 8 / at that moment） | 优先 过去进行时 |
| 2 | 有没有"起止、完成、次数"（yesterday / three times / finished） | 优先 一般过去时 |
| 3 | 两者同时出现 | 长的用过去进行，短的用一般过去 |
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| when + 一般过去，主句过去进行 | 正在做…时，某事突然发生 | I was walking when it began to rain. |
| while + 过去进行，主句一般过去 | 在…期间，某事发生 | While I was sleeping, the phone rang. |
| while + 过去进行，主句过去进行 | 两个动作同时进行 | She was cooking while he was watching TV. |
| 过去进行 + when + 一般过去 | 同上，语序可换 | They were playing football when it started to rain. |
| 时间词 | 中文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| by the end of last year | 到去年年底为止 | 最典型标志，常配过去完成 |
| by then / by that time | 到那时 | 结合上下文指某个过去点 |
| by the time + 从句 | 到…的时候 | 从句用一般过去，主句用过去完成 |
| before / after + 过去动作 | 在…之前 / 之后 | 先发生的用过去完成 |
| when + 一般过去 | 当…时 | 主句表示更早完成的事 |
| already / never / ever / just | 已经 / 从未 / 曾经 / 刚刚 | 与现在完成的用法相同，只是参照点移前 |
| hardly…when / no sooner…than | 一…就… | 主句用过去完成，从句用一般过去 |
| 对比项 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
|---|---|---|
| 参照点 | 以「现在」为基准 | 以「过去某一刻」为基准 |
| 公式 | have / has + done | had + done |
| 例句 | I have finished my homework.（到现在已完成） | I had finished my homework before he came.（他来之前已完成） |
| 时间词 | already / yet / since / for / so far | by then / by the end of last year / before + 过去动作 |
| 时间词 | 中文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| tomorrow / the day after tomorrow | 明天 / 后天 | 最常用 |
| next week / next month / next year | 下周 / 下月 / 明年 | next 前不加介词 |
| in the future | 在未来 | 泛指将来 |
| soon / later | 很快 / 之后 | soon 常配将来时 |
| in 2030 / in two days | 在 2030 年 / 两天后 | in + 时间段 = 多久之后 |
| this weekend / from now on | 这周末 / 从现在起 | 后者常配将来时 |
| 情形 | 用 will | 用 be going to |
|---|---|---|
| 说话时临时决定 | OK, I'll help you. | |
| 事先计划好的 | I'm going to visit my aunt. | |
| 纯预测 / 提建议 | It will rain tomorrow.（我猜） | |
| 有明显迹象 | Look at those clouds — it's going to rain. | |
| 承诺 / 拒绝 | I won't tell anyone. |
| 时态 | 被动结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am / is / are + done | English is spoken here. |
| 一般过去时 | was / were + done | The letter was sent yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | will be + done | The meeting will be held tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | am / is / are being + done | The road is being repaired. |
| 现在完成时 | have / has been + done | The work has been finished. |
| 过去完成时 | had been + done | The film had been shown before we arrived. |
| 含情态动词 | 情态动词 + be + done | It can be done easily. |
| 搭配 | 含义 / 区别 |
|---|---|
| be made of | 看得出原材料（物理变化）：The desk is made of wood. |
| be made from | 看不出原材料（化学变化）：Paper is made from wood. |
| be made in | 产地：Made in China. |
| be made by | 制作者：This cake was made by my mother. |
| be covered with | 被…覆盖：The ground is covered with snow. |
| be filled with | 充满：The box is filled with toys. |
| be used to do / be used for doing | 被用来做：Wood is used to make paper. |
| be used to doing | 习惯于（≠被动！）：I am used to getting up early. |
| be known for / as | 因…著名 / 作为…著名 |
| be famous for | 因…而闻名 |
| be interested in | 对…感兴趣 |
| be supposed to | 应该：You are supposed to be here at 8. |
| 副词 | 大致频率 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| always | 100% | 总是 |
| usually | 约 90% | 通常 |
| often | 约 70% | 经常 |
| sometimes | 约 50% | 有时 |
| seldom / rarely | 约 10% | 很少 |
| never | 0% | 从不 |
| 句子结构 | 频率副词位置 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| be 动词句 | be 之后 | She is always late. |
| 实义动词句 | 动词之前 | He often plays tennis. |
| 助动词 / 情态动词句 | 助动词之后 | I have never seen it. / You must always be careful. |
| 强调 | 句首（可加逗号） | Sometimes I go by bus. |
| 表达 | 中文 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| every day / week / month / year | 每天 / 每周 / 每月 / 每年 | every 后接单数名词 |
| every other day | 每隔一天（= 每两天一次） | other 后接单数 |
| every two days | 每两天 | every + 数词 + 复数名词 |
| every three weeks | 每三周 | 同上 |
| every few minutes | 每隔几分钟 | few + 复数 |
| every now and then | 时不时 | 约等于 sometimes |
| 次数 | 英语表达 | 组合示例 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一次 | once | once a week | 不能说 one time |
| 两次 | twice | twice a month | 不能说 two times |
| 三次 | three times | three times a day | 数字 + times |
| 四次及以上 | four / five times… | five times a year | 同上 |
| 多次（不确切） | many times / a few times | I've been there many times. | 常配现在完成 |
| 原话人称 | 变成谁 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 I / we | 随"说话人" | He said, "I am tired." → He said he was tired. |
| 第二人称 you | 随"听话人" | She said to me, "You are right." → She told me I was right. |
| 第三人称 he / she / they | 不变 | He said, "She is my sister." → He said she was his sister. |
| 物主代词 my / your | 随人称同步改 | "I lost my key." → He said he had lost his key. |
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | "I like it." → He said he liked it. |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | "I am reading." → He said he was reading. |
| 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | "I have finished." → He said he had finished. |
| 一般过去时 | 过去完成时 | "I saw him." → He said he had seen him. |
| 过去完成时 | 不变 | "I had finished." → He said he had finished. |
| will → would | can → could | "I will go." → He said he would go. |
| may → might | must → had to | "You must go." → He said I had to go. |
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| now | then | 现在 → 那时 |
| today | that day | 今天 → 那天 |
| yesterday | the day before | 昨天 → 前一天 |
| tomorrow | the next day | 明天 → 第二天 |
| the day after tomorrow | in two days' time | 后天 → 两天后 |
| last week | the week before | 上周 → 前一周 |
| next week | the following week | 下周 → 接下来那周 |
| ago | before | 以前 |
| here | there | 这里 → 那里 |
| this / these | that / those | 这 → 那 |
| come | go | 来 → 去 |
| 原句类型 | 引导词 | 语序 / 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | that（口语可省略） | He said (that) he was tired. |
| 一般疑问句 | if / whether | 陈述语序：He asked if I liked it.（不写 did I like） |
| 特殊疑问句 | 原疑问词（what/where/when/who/how…） | 陈述语序：He asked where I lived. |
| 祈使句（命令） | tell sb to do | "Open the door." → He told me to open the door. |
| 祈使句（请求） | ask sb to do | "Please help me." → He asked me to help him. |
| 否定祈使句 | tell / ask sb not to do | "Don't be late." → He told me not to be late. |
| 关系词 | 先行词 | 在从句中作 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语 / 宾语 | The man who helped me was a doctor. |
| whom | 人 | 宾语（正式） | The teacher whom I met is very kind. |
| whose | 人 / 物 | 定语（…的） | The boy whose father is a teacher… |
| which | 物 / 事 | 主语 / 宾语 | The book which I bought is interesting. |
| that | 人 / 物 | 主语 / 宾语 | The film that we saw was great. |
| 情况 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 先行词被 all / any / every / no / only / few / little / the only / the very 修饰 | This is the only book that I have. |
| 先行词被最高级或序数词修饰 | He is the best teacher that I know. / the first thing that… |
| 先行词既有人又有物 | They talked about the people and things that they saw. |
| 句首是 Who / Which 引导的疑问句 | Who is the man that is standing there? |
| 情况 | 该用什么 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 介词后 | which / whom | the house in which I lived（不能 in that） |
| 非限制性从句（有逗号） | which / who | Beijing, which is the capital of China, is very old. |
| 原句类型 | 引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | that（可省略） | I think (that) he is right. |
| 一般疑问句 | if / whether | I wonder if he will come. |
| 特殊疑问句 | what / where / when / who / why / how… | Do you know where he lives? |
| 主句时态 | 从句时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在时（think / know / say） | 按需要（任何时态） | I think he is / was / will be right. |
| 过去时（thought / said / asked） | 必须用过去类时态 | He said he was tired. / He asked where I had been. |
| 过去时，但内容是客观真理 | 仍用现在时 | The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. |
| 词 | 后面接什么动作 | 含义 | 常配时态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 短暂性、一次性动作 | 当…时（那个时刻） | 一般过去时为主 |
| while | 持续性、正在进行的动作 | 在…期间（一段时间） | 过去进行时为主 |
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| when + 一般过去，主句过去进行 | 正在做…时，某事突然发生 | I was having dinner when he called me. |
| while + 过去进行，主句一般过去 | 在…期间，某事发生 | While I was walking home, I met an old friend. |
| while + 过去进行，主句过去进行 | 两个动作同时进行 | She was reading while I was cooking. |
| when + 过去进行（表一段时间） | 当…（那段时间） | When I was young, I often played here. |
| 步骤 | 看什么 | 结论 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 动作是不是"一下结束"（电话响、有人敲门、车到达） | 用 when |
| 2 | 动作是不是"持续一段"（吃饭、走路、下雨、读书） | 用 while |
| 3 | 两个动作都在持续 | 两个都可以 while |
| 形容词情况 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| 单音节、多数双音节 | +er（tall→taller） | +est（tallest） |
| 以不发音 e 结尾 | +r（nice→nicer） | +st（nicest） |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾 | 去 y 加 ier（happy→happier） | iest（happiest） |
| 重读闭音节（辅-元-辅） | 双写末尾辅音 +er（big→bigger, hot→hotter, thin→thinner） | +est（biggest） |
| 三音节及以上 / 多数双音节（-ful, -less, -ous, -ing 等） | more + 原级（more interesting） | the most + 原级 |
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| good / well | better | best |
| bad / badly / ill | worse | worst |
| many / much | more | most |
| little | less | least |
| far | farther / further（距离 / 进一步） | farthest / furthest |
| old | older / elder（兄弟姐妹） | oldest / eldest |
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| as … as possible | 尽可能… | Come as soon as possible. |
| as … as sb can | 尽力… | Run as fast as you can. |
| as many / much … as | 尽可能多的… | Read as many books as you can. |
| as well as | 也、不仅…而且 | He speaks English as well as French. |
| not as / so … as | 不如… | This film isn't as interesting as that one. |
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| too + adj + to do | 太…以致不能做 | The box is too heavy for me to carry. |
| too … for sb to do | 对某人来说太… | The question is too hard for him to answer. |
| so + adj + that | 如此…以至于 | He was so tired that he fell asleep. |
| such + a/an + adj + n + that | 如此…的…以至于 | It was such a hot day that we stayed inside. |
| adj / adv + enough + to do | 够…可以… | He is old enough to go to school. |
| enough + n + to do | 有足够的…去做 | We have enough time to finish it. |
| 项目 | 形容词 | 副词 |
|---|---|---|
| 修饰对象 | 名词 / 代词 | 动词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 整句 |
| 句中角色 | 定语（a big house）、表语（She is happy.） | 状语（She sings well.） |
| 例句对比 | He is a careful student. | He does his homework carefully. |
| 系动词后 | 用形容词：The soup tastes good. | 不能用副词：tastes well ✘ |
| 规则 | 例词 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般 +ly | quick→quickly, careful→carefully, slow→slowly | 最常见 |
| 辅音 + y → 去 y 加 ily | happy→happily, easy→easily, angry→angrily | 元音 + y 直接加：gay→gayly（少用） |
| 以 le 结尾 → 去 e 加 y | gentle→gently, simple→simply, terrible→terribly | 注意拼写 |
| -ic 结尾 → 加 ally | basic→basically, automatic→automatically | -ic 变副词专属规则 |
| -ly 结尾本身是形容词 | friendly, lovely, lonely, lively, daily | 这些不能当副词用（见下） |
| 词 | 形容词义 | 副词义（常考陷阱） |
|---|---|---|
| hard | 困难的 | hard = 努力地（work hard）；hardly = 几乎不（否定词） |
| late | 迟的 | late = 晚、迟（arrive late）；lately = 最近 |
| near | 近的 | near = 附近；nearly = 几乎 |
| high | 高的 | high = 高高地（fly high）；highly = 高度地、非常 |
| fast / early / well | — | 同形或本身就是副词，不能加 ly |
| 变化类型 | 形容词 → 副词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 直接 +ly | careful→carefully, quick→quickly, quiet→quietly, clear→clearly, safe→safely, polite→politely, final→finally, real→really, full→fully | She listened carefully. |
| 去 e 加 y（-le 结尾） | simple→simply, gentle→gently, terrible→terribly, whole→wholly | He answered simply. |
| 去 y 加 ily | happy→happily, easy→easily, busy→busily, heavy→heavily, angry→angrily, lucky→luckily | They lived happily. |
| 特殊 / 不规则 | true→truly（去 e）, good→well, bad→badly | He speaks English well. |
| 不加 ly（同形） | fast→fast, hard→hard, early→early, late→late, high→high | He runs fast. / He works hard. |
| -ly 但仍是形容词 | friendly, lovely, lonely, lively, daily | 需用 in a … way 作状语 |
| 对比组合 | 怎么选 | 记忆句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去 vs 现在完成 | 有明确过去时间（yesterday / in 2010 / ago）→ 一般过去 无明确时间、强调影响至今 → 现在完成 | 有时间就走，没时间才留 |
| 现在完成 vs 过去完成 | 参照"现在"→ have/has done 参照"过去某刻"→ had done | 站在现在回头看 / 站在过去回头看 |
| 过去进行 vs 一般过去 | 长背景用进行，短事件用过去 | 画面 = 进行，事件 = 过去 |
| when vs while | when + 瞬间动作 while + 持续动作 | 一下子的用 when，一阵子的用 while |
| will vs be going to | 临时决定 / 预测 → will 提前计划 / 有迹象 → be going to | 脱口而出 will，早就想好 going to |
| 形容词 vs 副词 | 系动词后用形容词（tastes good） 实义动词后用副词（sings well） | be 后形容词，动作后副词 |
| be used to do vs doing | be used to do = 被用来做（被动） be used to doing = 习惯于做（主动） | to do 被用，to doing 习惯 |
| hard vs hardly | hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不 | 多一个 ly 就变成"不" |
| enough 位置 | 形容词/副词 + enough enough + 名词 | 修饰谁就往谁那边靠 |
| 宾语从句语序 | 永远陈述语序 | 从句不提问，语序不倒装 |
| 术语 | 是什么（学生能懂的说法） | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一、句子成分（句子里每个"零件"叫什么） | ||
| 主语 Subject | 句子说的是"谁 / 什么"，是整句叙述的对象。 学生版：句子的"主角"。 | The boy runs fast. |
| 谓语 Predicate | 说明主语"做什么 / 是什么"的动词部分，一句话只能有一个谓语。 学生版：句子的"发动机"。 | She sings well. |
| 宾语 Object | 动作作用的对象，回答"动词 + 什么"。 学生版：动词后面接的那个"球"。 | I like apples. |
| 表语 Predicative | 放在系动词（am / is / are / look / taste…）后面，说明主语的身份、状态或性质。 学生版：be 后面贴的那张"标签"，和主语画等号。 | She is a teacher. / The cake is sweet. |
| 定语 Attributive | 修饰名词，回答"哪个 / 什么样的"。 学生版：给名词"化妆"。 | the red apple / the girl in red |
| 状语 Adverbial | 修饰动词、形容词或整句，说明时间、地点、方式、程度、原因。 学生版：给动作加"备注"。 | He runs quickly. / I go to school by bus. |
| 宾语补足语 Object Complement | 补充说明宾语的状态或身份，去掉后句子意思不完整。 学生版：给宾语再"贴个标签"。 | We call him Tom. / It makes me happy. |
| 二、动词类型与动词的各种"装" | ||
| 系动词 Linking Verb | 本身不表示动作，后面接表语，表示"是 / 变得 / 保持 / 感觉"。常见：be, become, get, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, keep, stay, seem, turn。 学生版：能翻译成"是 / 变得"的动词。 | The cake tastes good. = The cake is good. |
| 实义动词 | 表示具体动作或状态，能自己作谓语。 学生版：真"干活"的动词。 | He runs. / She likes music. |
| 助动词 Auxiliary | 帮忙构成时态、否定、疑问，本身不表示动作：do / does / did, have / has / had, will, be。 学生版：只搭台，不唱戏。 | Does she like it? / She has left. |
| 情态动词 Modal Verb | 表示能力、许可、推测、义务，后面必须接动词原形，没有人称变化。 学生版：给动作加"态度"。 | You must go. / Can you swim? |
| 动词原形 | 词典里查到的形式，不带任何变化。 学生版：动词的"素颜"。 | play / go / be |
| 三单形式 | 主语是第三人称单数时，一般现在时的动词形式。 学生版：主语换了人，动词要"换装"。 | plays / goes / has |
| 过去式 | 一般过去时使用的动词形式。 学生版：动词的"过去装"。 | played / went |
| 过去分词 | 用于现在完成时（have done）和被动语态（be done）的形式。 学生版：动词的"完成 / 被动态装"。 | played / gone |
| 现在分词 | 动词 + ing，用于进行时。 学生版：动词的"进行装"。 | playing / running |
| 不规则动词 | 过去式、过去分词不按 +ed 规则变化，必须单独记。 学生版：不守规矩的动词。 | go → went → gone |
| 第三人称单数 | 除了 I / you / we / they 之外的单个"他 / 她 / 它"或单数名词。 学生版：剩下的那些"单个"。 | he / Lily / the dog |
| 延续性动词 | 可以持续一段时间的动词，能与 for / since 连用。 学生版：能"拖长音"的动词。 | live / study / keep / be ill |
| 短暂动词 | 一瞬间就结束，不能与 for / since 连用，要换成延续性说法。 学生版："一下就完"的动词。 | buy → have；borrow → keep；die → be dead |
| 三、语态与从句 | ||
| 主动语态 | 主语是动作的发出者。 学生版：主语"亲自动手"。 | Tom broke the window. |
| 被动语态 | 主语是动作的承受者，结构 be + 过去分词。 学生版：主语"挨了"，不是它自己干的。 | The window was broken. |
| 执行者 | 被动句里 by 后面做动作的人或物，常可省略。 学生版：by 后面那位"真凶"。 | The window was broken by Tom. |
| 从句 Clause | 句子中充当某个成分的"小句子"，自带主语和谓语。 学生版：大句子里装的小句子。 | I know that he is right. |
| 主句 Main Clause | 能独立表达完整意思的那一句，从句依附于它。 学生版："老大"，从句是"小弟"。 | I know …（主句） |
| 引导词 | 引导从句的词：that / if / whether / who / when / because… 学生版：打开从句的"门把手"。 | I don't know if he comes. |
| 先行词 Antecedent | 定语从句所修饰的那个名词。 学生版：定语从句要"跟着"的那个人 / 那个东西。 | the book that I bought（先行词 the book） |
| 关系代词 / 关系副词 | 定语从句中既代替先行词、又在从句里充当成分的词：who / which / that / whose；where / when / why。 学生版：又"顶替"、又"干活"。 | The man who called me is Tom. |
| 陈述语序 | 主语在谓语前面的正常顺序，不把助动词 / be 提到主语前。 学生版：平铺直叙，不倒过来。 | where he lives（不用 where does he live） |
| 四、其他常考术语 | ||
| 时间标志词 | 提示该用哪个时态的时间状语。 学生版：时态的"路标"。 | yesterday / since 2010 / now |
| 直接引语 | 照抄别人的原话，用引号。 学生版：原话。 | She said, "I'm tired." |
| 间接引语 | 用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号，时态往往后移。 学生版：转述。 | She said that she was tired. |
| 主将从现 | 主句用一般将来时，时间 / 条件状语从句用一般现在时。 学生版：从句不跟着变将来。 | I'll call you when I arrive. |
| 比较级 / 最高级 | 两者比较用 -er / more；三者及以上最高用 -est / most。 学生版：比一比 / 谁最牛。 | taller / the tallest |
| 主格 / 宾格 | 代词作主语用主格（I / he / she），作宾语用宾格（me / him / her）。 学生版：站前面用主格，站后面用宾格。 | He likes me. |
| 倒装 | 把助动词 / be / 情态动词提到主语前面，表强调或否定前置。 学生版：谓语跑到主语前面去了。 | Never have I seen it. |